They are based on the antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this drug. They take account both of the clinical studies to which it gave rise and of its place in the range of antibacterial products currently available.

They are limited to infections caused by organisms known to be sensitive, in particular to certain situations where the bacterial species responsible for infection can be multiple and / or resistant to the antibiotics currently available.
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On this basis, this drug is of particular interest in the following indications:
Acute otitis media of the young child, otitis, recurrent

· Sinusitis

· Lower respiratory infections of the child from 30 months to 5 years

· Superinfections of chronic bronchopneumonia

· Recurrent or complicated urinary tract infections, excluding prostatitis

· Severe stomatal infections: abscesses, phlegmons, cellulitis, periodontitis.

Official recommendations concerning the appropriate use of antibacterials should be taken into account.


Children over 30 months

In the patient with normal renal function

80 mg / kg / day in three doses, not exceeding the dose of 3 g per day.
In patients with renal insufficiency greater than 30 months

Clearance of creatinine

Scheme
Greater than 30 ml / min.

No dosage adjustment required

Between 10 and 30 ml / min.

15 mg / kg / catch maximum, 2 times per day.

Less than 10 ml / min.

15 mg / kg / day maximum.

Hemodialysis: 15 mg / kg / day and 15 mg / kg, additional during and after dialysis
Administration mode

This medicinal product is administered orally.
Administration is done with the syringe, for oral administration graduated in kg body weight

The dosage per dose is indicated, depending on the weight of the child, on the plunger of the syringe for oral administration graduated in kg. The dose is thus read directly on the graduations of the syringe for oral administration. Thus, the indicated weight corresponds to the dose for a setting. Three catches per day are required.

For example, Grade No. 20 corresponds to the dose to be administered per dose for a 20 kg child three times a day.
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Take the medication preferably at the beginning of the meal.

Pharmacotherapeutic group: ANTIBACTERIANS FOR USE, SYSTEMIC

ATC code J01CR02.

This drug is a combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, a potent, beta-lactamase inhibitor. Clavulanic acid rapidly and irreversibly inhibits most beta-lactamases produced by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
SPECTRUM OF ACTIVITY, ANTIBACTERIAL

Critical concentrations separate sensitive strains from strains of intermediate sensitivity and the latter from resistant strains

S, 4 mg / l, and R> 16 mg / l
MIC, pneumococcus: S £ 0.5, mg / l and R> 2 mg / l.
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary according to geography and time for some species. It is therefore useful to have information on the prevalence of local resistance, especially for the treatment of severe infections. These data can only give an orientation on the probabilities of the susceptibility of a bacterial strain to this antibiotic.
When the variability of the resistance prevalence in France is known for a bacterial species, it is indicated in the table below

Categories

Frequency of resistance acquired in France (> 10%) (extreme values)

SPECIES, SENSITIVE

Gram aerobics, positive

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Enterococcus faecalis

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Listeria monocytogenes

Nocardia asteroids

Staphylococcus méti-S

Streptococcus

Streptococcus bovis

Streptococcus pneumoniae

15 - 35%

Gram aerobics, negative

Actinobacillus, actinomycetemcomitans

Bordetella pertussis

Branhamella catarrhalis

Burkholderia pseudo-mallei

Campylobacter

Capnocytophaga

Citrobacter koseri

Eikenella

Escherichia coli

10 - 30%

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus para-influenzae

Klebsiella

0 - 20%

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria meningitidis

Pasteurella multocida

Proteus mirabilis

10 - 20%

Proteus vulgaris

Salmonella

0 - 40%

Shigella

0 - 30%

Vibrio cholerae

Anaerobes

Actinomyces

Bacteroides

Clostridium

Eubacterium

Fusobacterium

Peptostreptococcus

Porphyromonas

Prevotella

Propionibacterium acnes

Veillonella

Other

Bartonella

Borrelia

Leptospira

Treponema

SPECIES, MODERATELY SENSITIVE

(In vitro of intermediate sensitivity)

Gram aerobics, positive

Enterococcus, faecium

40 - 80%

SPECIES, RESISTANTS

Gram aerobics, positive

Staphylococcus, meti-R *

Gram aerobics, negative

Acinetobacter

Citrobacter; freundii

Enterobacter

Legionella

Morganella morganii

Proteus rettgeri

Providencia

Pseudomonas

Serratia

Yersinia enterocolitica

Other

Chlamydia

Coxiella

Mycobacterium

Mycoplasma

Rickettsia

The frequency of resistance to meticillin is approximately 30 to 50% of all staphylococci and is found mainly in hospital. >
Not applicable.

This medication NEVER MUST BE USED in case of

· Allergy to antibiotics of the beta-lactam family (penicillins, cephalosporins): take into account the risk of cross-allergicity with the antibiotics in the group, cephalosporins

· Allergy to any component of the drug

· A history of hepatic involvement related to the association of amoxicillin / clavulanic acid

· Phenylketonuria, due to the presence of aspartame (E951).

This medicinal product is GENERALLY NOT RECOMMENDED for use in combination with methotrexate (see Interactions with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Warnings

The occurrence of any allergic manifestation necessitates cessation of treatment and the establishment of a suitable treatment.

Immuno-allergic reactions with severe and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions (anaphylaxis) have been observed exceptionally in patients treated with beta-lactam antibiotics. >
Their administration therefore requires an examination for discovery.

In the face of a history of a typical allergy to these products, the contraindication is formal.

Allergy to penicillins is crossed with cephalosporin allergy in 5 to 10% of cases. This leads to the proscription of penicillins when the subject is a known allergic to cephalosporins.


Due to the presence of maltodextrin (glucose), this medication should not be taken by patients with glucose and galactose malabsorption syndrome (rare metabolic diseases).

Precautions for use

As with all beta-lactams, regularly check the blood formula in case of administration of high doses of amoxicillin

The administration of high doses of beta-lactams in patients with renal insufficiency or in patients with predisposing factors such as a history of seizures, epilepsy, treatment or meningeal involvement may exceptionally lead to convulsions

For renal impairment, for creatinine clearances less than or equal to 30 ml / min, adjust dosage (see Dosage and Mode of Administration). >

The risk of occurrence of an effect, hepatic adverse effect (cholestasis) is increased, if treatment is greater than 10 days and all, especially after 15 days. >
In case of prolonged treatment, it is recommended to monitor liver and kidney function.

The combination of amoxicillin / clavulanic acid should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment

This medicinal product contains 0.68 mg potassium per dose-graduation or 2.5 mg per ml of suspension, drinkable: to be taken into account in persons under hypokalemic diet

Examinations, paraclinics

Impact on biological parameters

Positivity of the direct Coombs test was obtained during treatment with beta-lactams. This may also occur in subjects treated with the amoxicillin / clavulanic acid combination. False positivations of this test related to the presence of clavulanic acid were also observed.

A, very high concentrations, amoxicillin tends to

· Decrease the results of blood glucose measurements

· Interferes in the determinations of the total serum protein by color reaction

· Give a false positive color reaction in the glycosuria assays by the colorimetric semi-quantitative method

Associations deprecated

+ Methotrexate

Increased hematological effects and toxicity of methotrexate by inhibition of renal tubular secretion by penicillins

Associations to be taken into account

+, Allopurinol (and by extrapolation, other inhibitors of uricosynthesis)

Increased risk of skin reactions

Special Problems of the INR imbalance

Many cases of increased oral anticoagulant activity have been reported in patients receiving antibiotics. The infectious or inflammatory context, marked, age and general condition of the patient appear as risk factors. Under these circumstances, it seems difficult to distinguish between infectious pathology and its treatment in the onset of the INR imbalance. However, certain classes of antibiotics are more involved: these include fluoroquinolones, macrolides, cyclins, cotrimoxazole and certain cephalosporins.
Not applicable.

The manifestations of overdose may be neuropsychic, renal (crystalluria) and digestive. The treatment is symptomatic, particularly by monitoring the hydroelectrolytic balance. Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid may be eliminated by hemodialysis

Pregnancy

For amoxicillin there are no reliable data for teratogenesis in animals

In clinical studies, epidemiological studies have not revealed any malformative or fetotoxic effects related to the use of amoxicillin

For clavulanic acid, studies in animals have not demonstrated teratogenicity. In the absence of teratogenic effect in animals, a malformative effect in the human species is not expected. Indeed, to date, the substances responsible for malformations in the human species have been found to be teratogenic in animals in well-conducted studies of two species

Clinically, the use of clavulanic acid in a limited number of pregnancies has apparently shown no particular malformative or fetotoxic effects to date. However, further studies are needed to evaluate the consequences of exposure during pregnancy.


Accordingly, the combination of amoxicillin / clavulanic acid may be prescribed during pregnancy if necessary.
Breastfeeding

The passage of the amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination in the breast milk is low and the amounts ingested are much lower than the therapeutic doses. Accordingly, breastfeeding is possible in case of taking this antibiotic.

However, discontinue breast-feeding (or medication) in the event of diarrhea, candidiasis, or rash in the infant.

· Digestive symptoms, nausea, vomiting, possibility of superinfections, Candida digestive, diarrhea, loose stools, dyspepsia and abdominal pain
Some cases of pseudomembranous colitis and haemorrhagic colitis have been reported.

Allergic manifestations include urticaria, eosinophilia, angioedema, respiratory discomfort, serum sickness, vasculitis, exceptionally anaphylactic shock.


Very rarely, a few cases of Lyell syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, and exfoliative dermatitis have been reported.
These cutaneous manifestations may be more frequent and / or more intense in patients with infectious mononucleosis or leukemia, the evolving lymphoid.


· Other manifestations have been reported more rarely

O cases of hepatitis, usually cholestatic, or mixed, have been occasionally reported.These cases appear to occur more readily in elderly and male patients and in treatment of more than 10 days and in particular For treatments, greater than 15 days. Symptoms, such as jaundice which appears to be constant, appear during or at the end of treatment, but may occur a few weeks after discontinuation. The histopathological examination of the liver usually reveals a centro-lobular cholestasis. The evolution is generally favorable but can be extended by a few weeks.
Some extremely rare cases of fatal evolution have been observed.

O, moderate and asymptomatic increases in ASAT, ALAT or phosphatases, alkaline

O interstitial nephritis, acute

O, leucopenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, reversible thrombocytopenia
Cases of convulsions have been exceptionally reported (see Special warnings and Precautions, special use).

· Very rare cases of superficial dental colorations, usually reversible after brushing, have been reported with the forms for suspension, drinkable

They are based on the antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of this drug. They take into account both the clinical studies to which it gave rise and its place in the range of antibacterial products currently available, and are limited to infections caused by organisms recognized as sensitive, The bacterial species responsible for the infection may be multiple and / or resistant to the antibiotics currently available On this basis, this drug is of particular interest in the following indications: acute otitis media of the young child, Recurrent infections · sinusitis · low respiratory infections of the child from 30 months to 5 years · superinfections of chronic bronchopneumopathies · recurrent or complicated urinary infections, excluding prostatitis · infections The official recommendations concerning the appropriate use of antibacterials should be taken into account.